260-2017-01-30
Rick Gilmore
2017-02-08 08:43:58
Today's topics
- Neuroanatomy
- Forebrain
- Spinal cord
- Cranial nerves
- Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Organization of the brain
| Forebrain |
Lateral |
Telencephalon |
Cerebral cortex |
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Basal ganglia |
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Hippocampus, amygdala |
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Third |
Diencephalon |
Thalamus |
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Hypothalamus |
| Midbrain |
Cerebral Aqueduct |
Mesencephalon |
Tectum, tegmentum |
Organization of the brain
| Hindbrain |
4th |
Metencephalon |
Cerebellum, pons |
|
-- |
Mylencephalon |
Medulla oblongata |
- Skill and habit learning
- Sequencing of movement
- Example: Parkinson’s Disease

- From Greek for "sea horse"
- Immediately lateral to lateral ventricles
- Memories of specific facts or events, spatial locations
- Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease
- Fornix projects to hypothalamus
- Mammillary bodies

- “almond”
- Physiological state, behavioral readiness, affect
- NOT the fear center! (LeDoux 2015).
Cerebral Cortex
- Cerebral hemispheres
- Groove (sulcus or sulci)
- Bumps (gyrus or gyri)
- Grey vs. white matter
- Lobes
Cortical Gyri -- Lateral
Grey vs. White Matter
Lobes of the cerebral cortex
- Frontal
- Temporal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Related to cranial bones of the skull
Rotating image of cranial bones.
Landmarks of the cortex
Representative interhemispheric fiber tracts in the cortex
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
- Where is it?
- Anterior to central sulcus
- Superior to lateral fissure
- Dorsal to temporal lobe
Frontal lobe
- What does it do/contain?
- Primary motor cortex (M1)
- Pre-central gyrus (pre/anterior to central sulcus)

Image of pre and post-central gyri from Wikipedia.
Frontal lobe
- What does it do/contain?
- Prefrontal cortex
- Planning, problem solving, working memory...?
- Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
- Primary olfactory cortex
- Gustatory cortex
Cingulate Gyrus
Temporal lobe
- Where is it?
- Ventral to frontal, parietal lobes
- Inferior to lateral fissure
Temporal lobe
- What does it do/contain?
- Primary auditory cortex (A1)
- Object, face recognition
- Amygdala, hippocampus
- Storage of memories about events, objects
- Olfactory cortex
Parietal lobe
- Where is it?
- Caudal to frontal lobe
- Dorsal to temporal lobe
- Posterior to central sulcus
Parietal lobe
- What does it do/contain?
- Primary somatosensory cortex
- Perception of spatial relations, action planning
Post-central gyrus
- Post-central -> "posterior to" central sulcus
- Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)

Image of pre and post-central gyri from Wikipedia.
Occipital lobe
- Where is it?
- Caudal to parietal & temporal lobes
- What does it do/contain?
- Primary visual cortex (V1)
Visual Cortex
- Where is it?
- medial to temporal lobe
- deep inside lateral fissure
Insula
Insula
- What does it do/contain?
- Primary gustatory cortex
- self-awareness, interpersonal experiences, motor control
Lobes, landmarks, areas
| Frontal |
Central sulcus |
Precentral gyrus |
motor cortex |
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Corpus callosum |
Cingulate gyrus |
anterior cingulate cortex |
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olfactory cortex |
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gustatory cortex |
Lobes, landmarks, areas
| Temporal |
Lateral fissure |
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auditory cortex |
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olfactory cortex |
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hipppocampus |
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amygdala |
Lobes, landmarks, areas
| Parietal |
Central sulcus |
Postcentral gyrus |
somatosensory ctx |
| Occipital |
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visual ctx |
| Insula |
Lateral fissure |
|
gustatory ctx |
Brodmann Areas
Brodmann Areas
Brodmann Areas
Spinal cord
- Rostral/Caudal axis
- Spinal column w/ vertebrae
- Cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (1)
- Spinal segments & 31 nerve pairs
- Cauda equina
Spinal cord
Spinal cord
- Organization of the spinal cord
- Dorsal/Ventral
- Dorsal root (sensory)
- Ventral root (mostly motor)
- Grey (interior) vs. white matter (exterior)
Organization of the PNS
- Somatic division
Autonomic division
- Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves
- Afferents (input), efferents (output), or mixed
- Innervate head and neck
- Olfactory (I), optic (II), (VIII) auditory, vagus (X), etc.
- Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves
Autonomic nervous system
- CNS & PNS components
- Controls "vegetative functions""
- Limited voluntary control
- Two divisions
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
ANS
Sympathetic division
- Prepares body for action
- "Fight or flight""
- Spinal cord
- ganglion chain along spinal column to End organs
- NTs
- Preganglionic: ACh
- Post: NE
Parasympathetic division
- Para -> "around"
- Restorative function
- "Rest & digest"
- Spinal cord -> ganglia near end organs -> end organ
References
LeDoux, Joseph. 2015. “The Amygdala Is NOT the Brain’s Fear Center.” Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/i-got-mind-tell-you/201508/the-amygdala-is-not-the-brains-fear-center.